george washington carver Essay - 500 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Washington Carver nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Washington Carver was born during the civil war years on a Missouri farm near Diamond Grove, Newton Country in Marion, Township Missouri. Even Carver himself was uncertain of his own birth date. In early manhood he thought that he was born in the year of 1865. On other occasions Carver noted that his birth came â€Å"near the end of the civil war† or â€Å"just as freedom was declared â€Å". nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Carver was a brilliant man who received a bachelors and a masters degree from Iowa Agriculture College. He became a teacher at Iowa Agricultural†¦show more content†¦The area were Carver grew up in Missouri was made nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; into a park. This park was the first designated national monument to an African American in the history of the United States. He was given an honorary doctorate from Simpson College in 1923. He was made a member of the royal society of arts in London, England. He received many awards for his great discoveries and products. His greatest award was the Spingarn metal in 1923, which is given away every year by the National Association for the Advancement of colored People. The Spingarn metal is awarded to the black person who has made the greatest contribution to the advancement of his race. Carver died of anemia at Tuskegee Institute on January 5, 1943 and was buried on campus next to Booker T. Washington. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Washington Carver always thought that his father was a slave who lived on a neighboring farm who was killed in a log-hauling accident shortly after George was born. Carver had a brother named Jim Carver. Bandits kidnapped their mother Mary Carver when George was fairly young. Susan and Moses Carver raised George from he was young. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;George Washington Carver captured the imagination of the American peopleShow MoreRelated George Washington Carver Essay621 Words   |  3 Pages George Washington Carver George Washington Carver was born in Diamond Grove, Missouri during the spring of 1864 or 1865. Like many slaves, he was uncertain of his birth date. His mother, Mary, was a slave who belonged to Moses and Susan Carver. As an infant, slave raiders kidnapped his mother. The childless carvers reared George and his older brother, James. Growing up, George was captivated by plants. Many neighbors referred to him as the â€Å"Plant Doctor†. Since Carver was an African AmericanRead MoreFacts on George Washington Carver 576 Words   |  2 Pages Facts on George Washington Carver At the age of 14 George Washington Carver witnessed a black man being drug out into the streets to be hung and burned. At the time when African Americans were looked down upon George Washington Carver was a very successful with what he did in Ag and science. When George Washington Carver was a small child he was abandoned by his biological parents and left on the lawn of his adopted parents house. George Washington Carver had a rough childhood and he wasRead MoreEssay on George Washington Carver1242 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Washington Carver was born into slavery January of 1860 on the Moses Carver plantation in Diamond Grove, Missouri. He spent the first year of his life, the brutal days of border war, between Missouri and neighboring Kansas. George was a very sickly child with a whooping cough, which later lead to his speech impediment, and he was tiny and puny. Georges father, James Carver, died in a wood hauling accident when he was bringing wood to his masters house one day. George was sick a great dealRead More George Washington Carver Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pages George Washington Carver was a African American scientist who showed many intriguing thoughts of nature throughout his life span of being one of the most dedicated scientist. George was born in Diamond Missouri, but his exact date of birth is not known by people. Never the less, one of the most remark able inventors was born. Many people speculate that he was born sometime in January in 1964, while others believe he was born in June. George was born as a small and weak baby, and he had his firstRead MoreGeorge Washington Carver Difficult Path to Great Accomplishments565 Words   |  2 Pages George Washington Carver was born on July 12, 1864, during the Civil War, in Diamond Grove, Missouri. He was one of many children born to Mary and Giles, an enslaved couple owned by Moses Carver. Just a week after his birth, George was kidnapped along with his sister and mother. All of the three were sold in Kentucky, and among them the only who was located was infant George by an agent of Moses Carver, whom then returned George back to Missouri. Moses Carver and his wife, Susan, keptRead MoreBenjamin Franklin And George Washington Carver1958 Words   |  8 PagesConstitution or finding new uses for a farm product, they all come together to benefit the history of the United States of America. Benjamin Franklin and George Washington Carver were one of many to succeed in such progression. They helped shape the United States through their outstanding accomplishments in their innovative ideas and values. Franklin and Carver were both intelligent and prolific scientist and inventors. They often focused their works on what they stood for. Both men shared the profound valueRead MoreThe Ghost1265 Words   |  6 PagesNate and hunched her shoulder then took a seat in an old ladder-back chair. When I mentioned to your granddad that my schools biology department has launched a campaign to collect all known writing of George Washington Carver, he invited me to look through these old books. George Washington Carver was a botanist, Nate said, joining Will on the floor. Not a writer. He taught at Tuskegee Institute. He must have left behind some writings on farming, as well as documentation of his research,Read MoreAnalysis Of George Washington Carver s The Golden Door Of Freedom 1736 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington Carver once said â€Å"Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.† Freedom can be defined in various ways by different people. To many immigrants, America is often seen as that opportunity of freedom, the freedom to learn, the freedom to love, and even just the freedom to exist. In this paper, I will put into words the story behind a second generation female immigrant’s experiences. By using various articles and notes given in class, I will talk about her and her family’sRead MoreThe History of Art at Iowa State University Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagescampus public art collections in the United States. There are over 2,000 works of public art (George Washington Carver). The foundation of the contempora ry Art on Campus Collection and Program began during the Depression in the 1930s, when Iowa States President Hughes envisioned that, The arts would enrich and provide substantial intellectual exploration into our college curricula† (George Washington Carver). Who doesn’t love art? Every day you wake up and experience some sort of artwork; whetherRead MoreLeadership Management Paper W1 LDR 3001045 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung age, George Washington Carver took a strong grip on his destiny. This dynamic leader prevailed over getting born without a name into slavery, overcoming poverty, and prejudice to commit his life in helping others achieve a better livelihood. Through his actions, he was able to earn high levels of respect of self-worth, dignity, honor, and infinite achievement. Booker T. Washington was the first president and principal of the Tuskegee Institute in 1896. Booker T. Washington sent an invitation

Lateral Violence and Uncivil Behavior in a Nursing Home Essay

Introduction Lateral violence in nursing is a topic that is beginning to attract a lot of attention. One study showed that the higher the incidence of workplace incivility, the lower the rate of productivity (Leiws, 2011, p. 44). Others have shown a correlation in the occurrence of lateral violence and decreased productivity and increased turnover, making this an important issue to address in the field of nursing (Ostrofsky, 2012, p. 20). Lateral Violence Experience My experience with nursing incivility began when I became a certified nursing assistant (CNA). I was hired at a local nursing home as a float CNA, but being that five out of the seven assignments on my unit has permanent CNAs, there were only two assignments I floated to.†¦show more content†¦If I asked for help with turning or repositioning heavy patients, I often got the same response. There were a few CNAs that I could rely on for assistance, but they were not always scheduled on the days I worked, so many times I was on my own. Due to the overt and covert uncivil behaviors expressed by my co-workers, I often dreaded going into work, despite really enjoyed assisting the nursing home patients. I also felt ethically uneasy, as I knew that many of the patients were not getting the care I would like to provide due to me not having enough time or enough assistance. It was discouraging to have this as my first nursing experience. Resolution Options Communication There are many options that I could have taken to address these issues with my coworkers. Yoder-Wise (2011) states that there are five different modes of conflict resolution: avoiding, accommodating, compromising, competing, and collaborating (p. 471). I learned from this experience that I often chose to avoid the conflict, so I could have started by being more assertive in expressing my needs. Since many of them had permanent assignments, they could have not been aware of how many patients I had that required a two-person transfer. If that did not improve the situation, I could have scheduled a time to meet with the nursing supervisor and director of nursing to express the problems I was having with getting assistanceShow MoreRelatedIncivility in Nursing School531 Words   |  2 Pageslike an alarm. Respect toward others is a behavior learned the majority of the time in childhood. As well as respect, manners and accountability for ones actions is also learned. The above mentioned student showed a lack of manners and respect for arguing with the instructor and a lack of accountability for the actions leading up to why they did not receive the extra credit. If someone is mistreating or being mistreated whether in the work place, home, or school it is the witness’s responsibilityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Difference in Accounting Methods

Questions: 1. Describe what you understand by the accounting concepts mentioned and provide examples from your selected annual report.2. Discuss the problem of tax effect accounting addressed in the above statement in the context of the present AASB/IASB standards and the conceptual framework using your selected annual report to provide examples.3. Comment on the issues of tax effect accounting in the above in the statement as they relate to the provision of decision useful information. Use your selected annual report to provide exapmples. Answers: Introduction: The assignment presents the difference in accounting methods and its relevance in decision-making process for the users of the annual report. The discussion states the accuracy and reliability for the conventional and modern accounting methods. Moreover, the solution deals with the relative tax- effect problems and issues vital for decision making process for the users and other stakeholders. The entire solution is presented in consideration to Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB)/ International Accounting Standards Board and with the selected company Cash Converter. 1. Two types of accounting concepts prevail to record and report the transactions, one is traditional or conventional accounting method and the other is modern accounting method. In the era when technology was not advanced, accountants used to follow the conventional accounting method. Conventional method of accounting is generally- accepted practice based on the rules and not legally- binding practice and hence this system is not very effective in present days. Conventional or traditional accounting systems were based on reporting the historical costs of assets and liabilities through which accuracy and reliability of financial statement was difficult. For example, capitalized liabilities, deferred tax liabilities or provisions are some of the items arise due to accrual concept of accounting difficult to report if the conventional accounting is followed by organizations (Arnold, Harris and Liu, 2015). Whereas modern accounting method represents the financial statements of organizations in more concise, accurate and reliable manner as it takes fair market values of the assets and liabilities to report in the books. According to the accounting rules as specified in the International Financial Reporting Standards financial statements should be based on accrual, prudence, going concern and consistency concept. As the technology in this era is very advanced, accountants adopt modern method of accounting, which is faster in recording and reporting data, more reliably and accuracy, which eventually helps to better decision-making. Modern accounting method followed by the entities in respect to international accounting standards and accounting principles amended from time to time so that the financial statements presents true and fair view for the stakeholders and users (Shapiro, 2015). In this method of accounting, necessary provisions, contingencies, obligations are measured in terms th at are more accurate because of the filtered information and availability of data and scientific calculation systems. In the selected company, cash converter listed on Australian Stock Exchange presents its financial data as per modern accounting method. In the consolidated financial statement data for impairment of non- current assets, finance costs, exchange differences are few items reported which is difficult to measure if the company follows conventional or traditional accounting method. Further, in the statement of financial position accountants of cash converter has reported provisions of liabilities amounted to $ 240,082 in 2015 and 148,539 in 2014 considering employee benefits, fringe benefit tax for both current and non- current. Other measurements for depreciation, impairments, receivables and payables on accrual concept has been accurately derived and reported in the balance sheet, which is difficult to derive in the conventional accounting method (Balakrishnan, Watts and Zuo, 2015). 2. In the given statement of the assignment, the problem of tax effect accounting is related to the income tax accounting as per the standards of AASB 112. Treatment of tax is different in financial accounting and tax accounting about the timing and scope of transactions in terms of accrual of the events and actual receipt or payment made for the transactions. AASB 112 states the objectives, scope and accounting treatment for current tax liabilities and current tax assets. It recommends the reporting principles for the timing difference arises due to application of different tax and accounting principles. Conceptual framework is a regulator of accounting bords and IFRS, which supplies necessary amendments and rules to report financial statements in true and fair view. As per AASB 112, current tax for current or prior period shall be recorded to the extent it remains unpaid (Agrawal and Cooper, 2016). This might lead to tax difference arise as per the amount considered in tax accounti ng and financial accounting is considered as deferred tax asset if there is benefit incurred from the tax loss. To record and measure the deferred tax in accounting, there exists temporary and permanent timing difference. If the difference is permanent in nature i.e. if the tax loss is not recoverable during the life of the asset or liability then such difference is permanent in nature and as per AASB 112 it is not recorded in the books of accounts only the disclosure in the notes to accounts should be provided. On the other hand, if the tax loss is recoverable under virtual certainty during the life of the asset and liability then such difference is of temporary nature and should be recorded as deferred tax asset/ liability. In the financial statement of Cash Converter, deferred tax asset has been reported in the statement of financial position $ 10,875,338 in 2015 in context to AASB. The problem of tax effect in this context is the accurate measurement of the relative tax difference considering the determination of goodwill as well. In case of goodwill impairment test is required so that impairment loss can be measured. Cash converter reported impairment of goodwill in the year 2015 while deferred tax is computed by considering doubtful debts, accruals, provisions which is relative difficult to measure accurately as per the current market values. Additionally, deferred tax liability is recorded against fixed and intangible (Kim and Im, 2016). Hence, it can be said that the modern accounting method is little complicated over conventional method which was quite simple to follow. 3. The objective of financial statements in context to IFRS and IASB is to provide required information about the organization to its stakeholders and investors. On application of taxation provision in to the accounting records the relative information and position of the company gets distorted with the differences arise in assets and liabilities. For example depreciation charge on the fixed assets is derived by straight line method or diminishing value method or at the rates specified in the IASB whereas according to the tax accounting depreciation rates are different. This difference gives rise to deferred tax asset/ liability, which changes the carrying amount of the asset and accordingly change the decision information for users. Another tax effect issue relevant for decision-making is provisions on borrowings and advances considered for determination of deferred tax of the company (Watts, 2016). In the financial statements of Cash Converter Limited issue of net deferred tax asset amounted $ 10,875,338 in 2015 and $ 13,543,414 in 2014 presents valuable information for decision making of investors because deferred tax asset appears on the statement of financial position is not an actual asset lying with the entity. It represents a mere monetary valuation of tax loss whose benefit would be incurred in future years in respect to doubtful receivables, provisions, and impairment on goodwill. Though the tax effect issue is not the sole source for making decisions about the entitys position it is one of the important decision making factors apart from the current ratios, capital gearing ratios, earning per share and few other financial ratios (Lee, 2016). Conclusion: The above solution has been dealt with the arguments about the relevance and accuracy of conventional/ traditional accounting method and modern accounting method for presenting and reporting the financial statement. Conventional method used to be followed in more simpler and general practice based unlike modern method, which is more reliable and accurate as well as complicated. The solution also presented different issues and complications of tax consequences arise in accounting statements because of the difference in measurement of tax liabilities in financial accounting and tax accounting, which is one of the useful factors for decision making. Reference List: Agrawal, A. and Cooper, T., 2016. Corporate governance consequences of accounting scandals: Evidence from top management, CFO and auditor turnover.Quarterly Journal of Finance. Arnold, L.W., Harris, P. and Liu, M., 2015, July. CORPORATE ACCOUNTING MALFEASANCE: AN OVERVIEW. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 58). Institute for Business Finance Research. Balakrishnan, K., Watts, R.L. and Zuo, L., 2015. The effect of accounting conservatism on corporate investment during the global financial crisis. Bhasin, M.L., 2016. Communion of Corporate Governance and Forensic Accounting: A Study of an Asian Country.British Journal of Research,3(1), pp.014-040. Kim, J.H. and Im, C.C., 2016. The Study on Enactment of Accounting Standards and Tax Avoidance of Small-and Medium-sized Entities: Comparison analysis between listed SME and Non-SME. Kim, J.H. and Im, C.C., 2016. The Study on Enactment of Accounting Standards and Tax Avoidance of Small-and Medium-sized Entities: Comparison analysis between listed SME and Non-SME. Lee, R.T., 2016. Fixed and Variable Costs: When Accounting Is the Opposite of Cash Flow Reality.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(4), pp.31-35. Pereiro, L.E., 2016. The Misvaluation Curse in Mergers and Acquisitions.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(2), pp.11-15. Shapiro, D.M., 2015. Assessing Corporate Governance in MAs.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,26(2), pp.35-39. Watts, R., 2016, June. Author Meets Critics:'Political Standards. Corporate Interest, Ideology, and Leadership in the Shaping of Accounting Rules for the Market Economy'By K. Ramanna (Chicago U Press, 2015). In28th Annual Meeting. Sase.

The effects of the word length effect and articulatory suppression on short term memory Essay Example

The effects of the word length effect and articulatory suppression on short term memory Paper In light of research carried out by Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975), a study was carried out using a related design to investigate whether word length and articulatory suppression affects memory recall. The study used an opportunity sample of 32 participants, who were asked to recall words from four lists of twenty words (either short or long) either with or without articulatory suppression. The hypothesis of the study predicted that participants will recall significantly more words than short words, participants will recall significantly more words in the no suppression condition than the suppression condition and that participants will recall significantly more short words in the no suppression condition compared to the long words with suppression. A two way ANOVA was carried out to analyse the results. The findings showed that participants recalled significantly more words with no suppression than with suppression; that participants recalled significantly more short than long words and that participants recalled significantly more short words with no suppression than long words with suppression. The findings support WLE and indicate that AS has a detrimental effect on memory recall. We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of the word length effect and articulatory suppression on short term memory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of the word length effect and articulatory suppression on short term memory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of the word length effect and articulatory suppression on short term memory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Introduction The working memory (WM) was introduced by Salame and Baddeley (1982, cited in Pring and Walker, 1994). One component WM, the phonological loop (PL) consists of two components (cited in Baddeley, Garthercole Papagno, 1998). One component, the phonological store, is a short-term store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay. The second component, the articulatory control system, allows for sub vocal rehearsal of the information stored in the phonological store, and can revive the memory traces. Empirical support WM and in particular the PL stems from research into the effects of articulatory suppression (AS) and word length effect (WLE). The present study investigates dual task logic that when a person tries to carry out two tasks simultaneously that use the same perceptual domain, performance is less efficient than when performing the tasks individually, (Simon and Sussman, 1987). This study focuses on the WM and the effects of AS and WLE on an immediate serial recall task. WLE (Baddeley et al, 1975, cited in Cowan, 2005: 27) refers to the ability to reproduce a sequence of short words better than long words. This suggests that the capacity of the PL is determined by temporal duration and that memory span is determined by the rate of rehearsal. It is suggested that words with more syllables that take longer to speak, are more difficult to retain and recall than words with fewer or one syllable than can be more spoken rapidly (Berman, 2003). Support for WLE stems from an investigation looking at the effect of word length on recall and on a recognition test in which the stimulus was presented auditorily, where output delay was controlled. The result of this investigation indicated that immediate serial recall for word sequences decreased systematically with the number of syllables within the words (Baddeley, Chincotta, Stafford Turk, 2002). AS involves the articulation of an irrelevant sound during the presentation of stimulus that is required to be retained and recalled. It is suggested that AS impairs recall as the irrelevant sound is assumed to block the articulatory rehearsal process, thereby the memory traces in the PL are left to decay, (Richardson and Baddeley, 1975). Empirical support for the effects of AS stems from a study investigating the effects of articulatory suppression on a recall task. The results of the study indicated that AS reduces immediate serial recall substantially when taking part in memory recall tasks (Baddeley, 1990; Levy, 1971, cited in Coye, Divin James, 2001). Conclusions of this study lead to the suggestion that suppression engages the capacity of the PL, thus disrupting rehearsal, therefore making the ability to retain and recall the information more difficult. A study carried out by Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975) investigated the WLE and the effect of AS on immediate memory recall. There findings indicated that words with fewer syllables are recalled more effectively than words with numerous syllables. The results of this study indicated further that when participants were exposed to AS, recall was detrimentally affected. This study partly replicates the research carried out by Baddeley, Thomson Buchanan (1975) in order to validate their findings with regards to the WLE and the effects of AS. The study aims to investigate whether WM is involved in cognitive tasks, looking specifically at the effects of AS and the WLE on short-term memory. This leads to a one-tailed hypothesis that participants will recall significantly more words than short words, participants will recall significantly more words in the no suppression condition than the suppression condition and that participants will recall significantly more short words with no suppression condition compared to the long words with suppression. Methodology Design The current experiment used a related design. There were two independent variables. The first variable; the suppression of the words presented, was manipulated so that the words were presented with suppression or no suppression. AS was created by asking participants to utter the word the repeatedly while the word lists were presented to them. The second variable; the length of the words, was manipulated so that they were either short (one syllable) or long (numerous syllables). The dependant variable was the number of words recalled by the participants out of the four lists of 20 words. Participants An opportunity sample of students from a psychology class was used in the experiment. There were a total of 32 participants; a ratio of 5 males-27 females. Participants were aged between 19 and 50 years. Apparatus Participants were exposed to four lists of words. Each list contained twenty words which randomly generated by the experimenter and were presented to participants auditorily. (See Appendix One for the word list. Paper and pens were used by participants to recall words, and a stopwatch was used to time the task. Discussion The results of the study show that participants recalled significantly more words with no suppression than with suppression condition; that participants recalled significantly more short words than long words and that participants recalled significantly more short words with no suppression than long words with suppression. This therefore supports our hypothesis that participants will recall significantly more short words than long words; participants will recall significantly more words with no suppression than with suppression and that participants will recall significantly more short words with no suppression compared to long words with suppression. The findings of the study support the suggestions of WM, indicating that in particular, the PL is involved in cognitive tasks. The results further support the dual task paradigm that the performance of two tasks that use the same perceptual domain is not as efficient as when the tasks are performed individually. This supports the suggestions that the PL struggles to process more than one phonetic stimulus at one time. In this case, the irrelevant sound that was uttered during the task was processed through the PL, therefore preventing the sub-vocal rehearsal of the words that were required to be recalled by participants. The results of the study support the suggestions of AS and the WLE. The significant interaction found between the conditions short words with no suppression and long words with suppression indicate the detrimental effects that both AS and WLE have on memory recall. The results of this study support the suggestions of Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975) that AS has a detrimental effect on recall and supports the suggestions of the WLE, that it is easier to recall short words than long words. However, the present study does not support the findings of Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan that AS cancels out WLE. Future research investigating solely whether AS cancels out WLE may be beneficial for understanding the true effects of AS on memory recall, further establishing the role of the PL and its importance in short-term memory. Further support for AS stems from the suggestion that AS has the same impact on recall if the stimulus presented visually or auditorily, as both require sub vocal rehearsal. A study by Murray (1968, cited in Osherson Gleitman, 1995) indicated that when participants were required to recall a list of visually presented letter sequences during AS, performance was impaired. This therefore supports the suggestions of AS having a negative effect on sub vocal rehearsal, therefore leading to impaired memory recall. The results of the study further support the suggestion of the WLE. It is suggested that the memory span within the PL is subject to rate of rehearsal. Therefore, the results indicate that words with fewer syllables are rehearsed more efficiently than words with numerous syllables and are therefore recalled more effectively. The suggestions of WLE are supported by a study carried out by Neath and Suprenant (2005, cited in Lamberts and Goldstone, 2005) where their findings indicate that in a memory recall task, words that take longer to pronounce are more difficult to recall that words that can be pronounced more quickly. However, the suggestions of both WLE and AS can be criticised for not taking into account how recall of certain words may be improved depending on how meaningful they are to each participant. It has been suggested that the more meaningful words are, the more easily there are recalled in memory tasks (cited in Higbee, 2001). This may therefore lead to individual differences, suggesting that the levels of recall may be partially affected by how meaningful the words are to participants. Future research, taking this into account, may be considered when investigating WLE and AS in order to observe these effects from an alternative angle. The present study can be criticised however, for basing its criteria for long words on the amount of syllables as opposed to pronunciation time. Future research taking this into account may offer an alternative angle to the investigation. The present study can be additionally be criticised for not taking into account learning difficulties or hearing problems. Difficulties such as these may have impaired recall for certain participants. Future research taking this in account may provide more valid results. Considering the findings of the study, it appears that WLE and AS both have negative effects on memory recall, supporting the suggestions of Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan (1975), further validating the assumptions of WM and the PL being involved in cognitive tasks. However, future research taking into account past and current limitations may provide more accurate understanding of short-term memory and in particular the PL.